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  Image: Geographic Location Direction Photo #: ISS007-E-16813 Date: Oct. 2003
Geographic Region: USA-HAWAII
Feature: OAHU, HONOLULU, DIAMOND HEAD

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  Honolulu: The Expedition 7 crew on the International Space Station is set to come home to Earth in about a week. Crew member Ed Lu considers Honolulu to be his hometown, and the view from a recent overpass clearly inspired him to photograph the city.

Honolulu is striking for the way it is bound by surrounding geography. Built-up fingers of the city extend northeast onto the steep volcanic slopes and surround the volcanic craters of Punchbowl and Diamond Head, leaving undeveloped only parklands and the steepest ridges. They are both tuff cones that formed as magma from the erupting volcano came in contact with ground water at a time when sea levels were higher than they are now. As the water turned to steam, it caused an explosion that formed a hill of ash with a broad crater in the center.

In Hawaiian, Punchbowl Crater was known as Pu'owaina, or, "Hill of Sacrifice," and was a site of royal burials. Punchbowl is also the site of the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. The area includes over 38,000 graves of U.S. service men and women beginning with casualties of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Ellison Onizuka, one of the Space Shuttle Challenger crew killed in 1986, is also buried there.

Diamond Head was called Le'ahi in Hawaiian or "Brow of the yellowfin tuna (ahi)". British sailors in the 1700s saw calcite crystals sparking on the crater and gave it its English name. One of the major "must see" tourist destinations on Oahu, Diamond Head is managed as a Hawaii State Monument, and plans are in place to reduce vehicle traffic and restore the natural vegetation.
 
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Images: All Available Images Low-Resolution 79k
Mission: ISS007  
Roll - Frame: E - 16813
Geographical Name: USA-HAWAII  
Features: OAHU, HONOLULU, DIAMOND HEAD  
Center Lat x Lon: 21.5N x 158W
Film Exposure:   N=Normal exposure, U=Under exposed, O=Over exposed, F=out of Focus
Percentage of Cloud Cover-CLDP: 25
 
Camera: E4
 
Camera Tilt: 32   LO=Low Oblique, HO=High Oblique, NV=Near Vertical
Camera Focal Length: 800  
 
Nadir to Photo Center Direction: NE   The direction from the nadir to the center point, N=North, S=South, E=East, W=West
Stereo?:   Y=Yes there is an adjacent picture of the same area, N=No there isn't
Orbit Number: 3877  
 
Date: 20031008   YYYYMMDD
Time: 214155   GMT HHMMSS
Nadir Lat: 19.7N  
Latitude of suborbital point of spacecraft
Nadir Lon: 159.1W  
Longitude of suborbital point of spacecraft
Sun Azimuth: 157   Clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun measured at the nadir point
Space Craft Altitude: 203   nautical miles
Sun Elevation: 62   Angle in degrees between the horizon and the sun, measured at the nadir point
Land Views: CRATER, HILL, VOLCANO  
Water Views: SEA  
Atmosphere Views:  
Man Made Views: HARBOR  
City Views: HONOLULU  
Photo is not associated with any sequences


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