< STS085-712-18 >

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Spacecraft nadir point: 43.5° N, 45.7° E

Photo center point: 43.5° N, 41.0° E

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Nadir to Photo Center: West

Spacecraft Altitude: 158 nautical miles (293km)
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Image Caption: Greater Caucasus Mountains, southern Russia near the Azerbaijan border. Town of Makhachkala on west coast of Caspian Sea north of Baku Peninsula. A rare, clear view of this region--excellent lighting reveals structural details of the folded and faulted mountain ranges with elevations commonly greater than 3,000 m. These ranges began to form about 80 million years ago, in response to northward movement of the Arabian crustal plate and its collision with the Russian Platform portion of the Eurasian plate. The Arabian plate continues its northward march today, which has resulted in mountain building, volcanism, and ongoing earthquake activity. The block that includes Turkey and the Black Sea is escaping to the west, resulting in strong earthquakes on west-trending faults.