Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Photographic Highlights

ISS020 Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Photographic Highlights

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ISS020-E-33530 Black Point Lava Flow, Arizona: The otherworldly footprint of black basaltic lava creates a striking landscape at Black Point Lava Flow in northern Arizona, seen in this photograph taken from the International Space Station. The flow is part of Arizona’s San Francisco Volcanic Field, a group of geologically young (approximately six million to less than one thousand years old) volcanoes, lava flows, and cinder cones located just north of Flagstaff, Arizona.
When it erupted onto the surface, the Black Point Lava flowed eastward over the older Permian and Triassic sedimentary rock sequences (spanning the period from roughly 300 to 240 million years ago) that are so well known around the vicinity of the Grand Canyon. The eastern edge of the flow slumps down to the surrounding plain, and it ends along the Little Colorado River (lower right).
Black Point Lava Flow is an excellent setting for training and systems testing for future exploration missions to the moon. In late August and early September 2009, scientists and engineers from NASA and several universities will travel to the Black Point Lava Flow to conduct tests for NASA’s Lunar Electric Rover. This year, a team of geologists will support the tests, simulating traverses that might occur on the moon. The public is invited to follow the tests through blogs and other postings online.

ISS020-E-31066 Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee), Northern Israel: Israel’s largest freshwater lake, Lake Tiberias, is also known as the Sea of Tiberias, Lake of Gennesaret, Lake Kinneret, and the Sea of Galilee. The lake measures just more than 21 kilometers (13 miles) north-south, and it is only 43 meters (141 feet) deep. The lake is fed partly by underground springs related to the Jordan sector of the Great Rift Valley, but most of its water comes from the Jordan River, which enters from the north. The river’s winding course can be seen draining the south end of the lake at image bottom.
Angular green and brown field patterns clothe most hillsides in this arid landscape. Bright roof tops are the hallmark of several villages in the area. The largest grouping of bright roofs and city blocks indicates the location of Tiberias (named for the Roman Emperor Tiberius), visible at image left on the southwestern shore of the lake. War, earthquakes, and even a flood in 1934 have resulted in heavy damage to the town in the last 2,000 years, but it is now Israel’s most popular holiday destination.
Ruins of the famous biblical town of Capernaum, re-discovered in 1838 by the American explorer Edward Robinson, lie just north of Tiberias on the northwestern shore of Lake Tiberias. Excavations have revealed a synagogue from the fourth or fifth century, making it one of the oldest in the world.

ISS020-E-34693 Lago Erepecu and Rio Trombetas, Brazil: The 38-kilometer-long (about 24 miles) Lago do Erepecu (Lake Erepecu) in Brazil runs parallel to the lower Rio Trombetas (Trombetas River), which snakes along the lower half of this astronaut photograph. Waterbodies in the Amazon rainforest are often so dark they can be difficult to distinguish. In this image, however, the lake and river stand out from the uniform green of the forest in great detail as a result of sunglint on the water surface. Sunglint is the mirror-like reflection of sunlight off of a surface directly back towards the viewer, in this case an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.
Forest soil is red, as shown by airfield clearings near Porto Trombetas (image far lower right), a river port on the south side of the Trombetas River. The Trombetas flows into the Amazon River from the north about 800 kilometers (497 miles) from the Amazon mouth. Despite being so far from the sea, seagoing ore ships export most of Brazil’s bauxite from Porto Trombetas. Bauxite is the raw material used to produce aluminum. (The Trombetas bauxite mine is beyond the lower edge of the image).
Central Amazonia has many lakes like Erepecu—relatively straight, large waterbodies located just off the main axis of the large rivers. These lakes began as rivers that carved deeply into the landscape during periods of low sea level accompanying ice ages in the past 1.7 million years. When sea level was low, the gradient from a river’s headwaters to its end at the ocean was steeper, and rivers flowed faster and carved deeper beds. During intervening warm periods, rising sea level reduced the gradient at the river’s end so much that it faced an impossible task—flowing uphill to the ocean.
The only way a river could have continued to flow to the sea is if it was carrying enough sediment to fill the deep river valleys carved during low sea level, creating a new “ground level” for the river to flow across. Many larger rivers like the Trombetas and the Amazon itself carried enough loose sediment to fill their deeply carved valleys, and then to trace sinuous courses (lower part of image) across the new beds. But smaller rivers that carried less sediment could not fill in their deep valleys; instead, the valleys acted like troughs. The river water poured in, but couldn’t flow out because of rising sea level, so lakes like Erepecu formed.

ISS020-E-39932 City of Dubai at Night, United Arab Emirates: The city of Dubai is the largest metropolitan area in the emirate of Dubai, one of the member states of the United Arab Emirates. Dubai is located along the southern Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula, and its signature city is known for high profile architectural and development projects. Among the most notable is the Palm Jumeirah, a man-made peninsula and surrounding islands built from over 50 million cubic meters of sand. Three other island projects, two similar to Palm Jumeirah and another crafted to look like a map of the world, are also underway along the Dubai coastline.
This nighttime astronaut photograph of the city of Dubai was taken at approximately 2 a.m. local time on September 11, 2009. Orange sodium vapor lights trace the major highways and street grid in and around the metropolitan area, while grey-white mercury vapor lamps fill in the commercial and residential areas. The lighted islands and peninsula of Palm Jumeirah are clearly visible along the coastline. A spiral pattern of lights on the southeastern fringe of the urban area is a camel racetrack. Nighttime images like these are useful to climate modelers, urban planners, and geographers as they allow for simple definition of urban (densely lit) and rural (sparely lit) areas.

ISS020-E-39083 Glacier Outlet, Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile: The Southern Patagonian Ice Field of Chile and Argentina hosts a spectacular array of glaciers and associated glacial features within the southern Andes Mountains. Glaciers flowing downhill on the eastern side of the mountains have outlets into several large freshwater lakes. On the western side of the mountains, glaciers release ice into the Pacific Ocean via an intricate network of fjords. Fjords are steep valleys originally cut by glaciers during periods of lower sea level that are now inundated. As glaciers flow into the fjord, ice at the front of the glacier begins to break off and form icebergs that can float out to sea—a process known as calving.
This detailed astronaut photograph shows the merged outlet of Penguin Glacier and HPS 19 into a fjord carved into the snow-covered mountains of the southern Andes. The designation HPS stands for Hielo Patagónico Sur (Southern Patagonian Icefield) and is used to identify glaciers that have no other geographic name. Ice flowing into the fjord begins to break up at image center, forming numerous icebergs. The largest visible in this image is approximately 2 kilometers in width. The large ice masses visible at image center have a coarse granular appearance due to variable snow cover, and mixing and refreezing of ice fragments prior to floating free.

ISS020-E-43017 Oblique View of the Arnica Fire, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: The late summer/fall wildfire season is in full swing in the western United States. Significant wildfires are observed each year by astronauts orbiting the Earth on the International Space Station. This astronaut photograph documents the Arnica Fire in Yellowstone National Park. The fire was started by a lightning strike near Yellowstone Lake on September 13, 2009. By the time it was detected on September 23, 2009, it covered approximately 2 hectares (4 acres). The fire was photographed by the astronauts on the following day (September 24); by then, it had grown to 101 hectares (250 acres) in size. Warm, dry and windy conditions in the area provided a favorable environment for growth of the fire, and as of October 1, 2009, the fire was estimated to be 3,764 hectares (9,300 acres) in size.
The image is highly oblique, or taken looking outwards at an angle, rather than straight down towards the Earth’s surface. The ISS was approximately above Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada—almost 1,200 kilometers (746 miles) to the northeast of the fire—when this image was taken using a long lens. Landmarks visible in the image include Yellowstone and Jackson Lakes at image center; the Teton Range is visible in the background. The reflection of the smoke plume is visible in Yellowstone Lake.
A regional view of the Arnica Fire was acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on NASA’s Aqua satellite. The MODIS image shows the areal extent of the Arnica smoke plume, and the oblique astronaut photograph provides complementary information on the vertical plume structure. As the two images were taken 3 days apart, they cannot be directly paired; however, together they provide a more complete picture of smoke plume evolution than either image would separately.

ISS020-E-45018 Great Bitter Lake, Egypt: The Great Bitter Lake is one of several lakes located along the Suez Canal, which connects the eastern Mediterranean and Red Seas. As the canal is built only to allow ships to travel in a single lane, the Great Bitter Lake is a location where ships can change their position in line (like the passing lane on the highway) before proceeding to either Port Said to the north, or the port of Suez to the south. The lake also provides an intermediate harbor for ships traversing the Canal—a journey that typically takes 14 hours end to end. Several ships, some under power and some anchored, are visible at image right.
Prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Great Bitter Lake was a large salt flat; in the arid climate, basins rarely accumulate enough water to become true lakes. Large expanses of white and tan sandy sediments at image left and top attest to the desert conditions surrounding the lake. Located at the approximate midpoint of the Suez Canal, Great Bitter Lake is now filled with water derived from both the Red and Mediterranean Seas, and this steady influx of water balances the water lost to evaporation. The town of Fayid (also spelled as Fayed), visible along the western shore of the lake (bottom) is a tourist destination for residents of Cairo, particularly in the summer months.

ISS020-E-47807 Thunderstorms on the Brazilian Horizon: A picturesque line of thunderstorms and numerous circular cloud patterns filled the view as the International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 20 crew members looked out at the limb (blue line on the horizon) of the Earth. The region shown in the astronaut photograph (top image) includes an unstable, active atmosphere forming a large area of cumulonimbus clouds in various stages of development. The crew was looking west-southwest from the Amazon Basin, along the Rio Madeira toward Bolivia when the image was taken.
The semi-circular cloud patterns near the center of the astronaut photograph may be detected in a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) infrared satellite image of the region (bottom image, yellow rectangle) acquired about 20 minutes earlier than the astronaut photograph. The distinctive circular patterns of the clouds in the astronaut photograph are likely caused by the aging of thunderstorms. Such ring structures often form during the final stages of storms’ development as their centers collapse.
Sunglint—the mirror-like reflection of sunlight off a water surface directly back to the camera onboard the ISS—is visible on the waters of the Rio Madeira and Lago Acara in the Amazon Basin. Widespread haze over the basin gives the reflected light an orange hue. The Rio Madeira flows northward and joins the Amazon River on its path to the Atlantic Ocean. A large smoke plume near the bottom center of the image may be one source of the haze.

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Recommended Citation: Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. "The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth." .

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ISS020-E-33530	Black Point Lava Flow, Arizona: The otherworldly footprint of black basaltic lava creates a striking landscape at Black Point Lava Flow in northern Arizona, seen in this photograph taken from the International Space Station. The flow is part of Arizona’s San Francisco Volcanic Field, a group of geologically young (approximately six million to less than one thousand years old) volcanoes, lava flows, and cinder cones located just north of Flagstaff, Arizona. When it erupted onto the surface, the Black Point Lava flowed eastward over the older Permian and Triassic sedimentary rock sequences (spanning the period from roughly 300 to 240 million years ago) that are so well known around the vicinity of the Grand Canyon. The eastern edge of the flow slumps down to the surrounding plain, and it ends along the Little Colorado River (lower right). Black Point Lava Flow is an excellent setting for training and systems testing for future exploration missions to the moon. In late August and early September 2009, scientists and engineers from NASA and several universities will travel to the Black Point Lava Flow to conduct tests for NASA’s Lunar Electric Rover. This year, a team of geologists will support the tests, simulating traverses that might occur on the moon. The public is invited to follow the tests through blogs and other postings online.
ISS020-E-31066	Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee), Northern Israel: Israel’s largest freshwater lake, Lake Tiberias, is also known as the Sea of Tiberias, Lake of Gennesaret, Lake Kinneret, and the Sea of Galilee. The lake measures just more than 21 kilometers (13 miles) north-south, and it is only 43 meters (141 feet) deep. The lake is fed partly by underground springs related to the Jordan sector of the Great Rift Valley, but most of its water comes from the Jordan River, which enters from the north. The river’s winding course can be seen draining the south end of the lake at image bottom. Angular green and brown field patterns clothe most hillsides in this arid landscape. Bright roof tops are the hallmark of several villages in the area. The largest grouping of bright roofs and city blocks indicates the location of Tiberias (named for the Roman Emperor Tiberius), visible at image left on the southwestern shore of the lake. War, earthquakes, and even a flood in 1934 have resulted in heavy damage to the town in the last 2,000 years, but it is now Israel’s most popular holiday destination. Ruins of the famous biblical town of Capernaum, re-discovered in 1838 by the American explorer Edward Robinson, lie just north of Tiberias on the northwestern shore of Lake Tiberias. Excavations have revealed a synagogue from the fourth or fifth century, making it one of the oldest in the world.
ISS020-E-34693	Lago Erepecu and Rio Trombetas, Brazil: The 38-kilometer-long (about 24 miles) Lago do Erepecu (Lake Erepecu) in Brazil runs parallel to the lower Rio Trombetas (Trombetas River), which snakes along the lower half of this astronaut photograph. Waterbodies in the Amazon rainforest are often so dark they can be difficult to distinguish. In this image, however, the lake and river stand out from the uniform green of the forest in great detail as a result of sunglint on the water surface. Sunglint is the mirror-like reflection of sunlight off of a surface directly back towards the viewer, in this case an astronaut onboard the International Space Station. Forest soil is red, as shown by airfield clearings near Porto Trombetas (image far lower right), a river port on the south side of the Trombetas River. The Trombetas flows into the Amazon River from the north about 800 kilometers (497 miles) from the Amazon mouth. Despite being so far from the sea, seagoing ore ships export most of Brazil’s bauxite from Porto Trombetas. Bauxite is the raw material used to produce aluminum. (The Trombetas bauxite mine is beyond the lower edge of the image). Central Amazonia has many lakes like Erepecu—relatively straight, large waterbodies located just off the main axis of the large rivers. These lakes began as rivers that carved deeply into the landscape during periods of low sea level accompanying ice ages in the past 1.7 million years. When sea level was low, the gradient from a river’s headwaters to its end at the ocean was steeper, and rivers flowed faster and carved deeper beds. During intervening warm periods, rising sea level reduced the gradient at the river’s end so much that it faced an impossible task—flowing uphill to the ocean. The only way a river could have continued to flow to the sea is if it was carrying enough sediment to fill the deep river valleys carved during low sea level, creating a new “ground level” for the river to flow across. Many larger rivers like the Trombetas and the Amazon itself carried enough loose sediment to fill their deeply carved valleys, and then to trace sinuous courses (lower part of image) across the new beds. But smaller rivers that carried less sediment could not fill in their deep valleys; instead, the valleys acted like troughs. The river water poured in, but couldn’t flow out because of rising sea level, so lakes like Erepecu formed.
ISS020-E-39932	City of Dubai at Night, United Arab Emirates: The city of Dubai is the largest metropolitan area in the emirate of Dubai, one of the member states of the United Arab Emirates. Dubai is located along the southern Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula, and its signature city is known for high profile architectural and development projects. Among the most notable is the Palm Jumeirah, a man-made peninsula and surrounding islands built from over 50 million cubic meters of sand. Three other island projects, two similar to Palm Jumeirah and another crafted to look like a map of the world, are also underway along the Dubai coastline. This nighttime astronaut photograph of the city of Dubai was taken at approximately 2 a.m. local time on September 11, 2009. Orange sodium vapor lights trace the major highways and street grid in and around the metropolitan area, while grey-white mercury vapor lamps fill in the commercial and residential areas. The lighted islands and peninsula of Palm Jumeirah are clearly visible along the coastline. A spiral pattern of lights on the southeastern fringe of the urban area is a camel racetrack. Nighttime images like these are useful to climate modelers, urban planners, and geographers as they allow for simple definition of urban (densely lit) and rural (sparely lit) areas.
ISS020-E-39083	Glacier Outlet, Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile: The Southern Patagonian Ice Field of Chile and Argentina hosts a spectacular array of glaciers and associated glacial features within the southern Andes Mountains. Glaciers flowing downhill on the eastern side of the mountains have outlets into several large freshwater lakes. On the western side of the mountains, glaciers release ice into the Pacific Ocean via an intricate network of fjords. Fjords are steep valleys originally cut by glaciers during periods of lower sea level that are now inundated. As glaciers flow into the fjord, ice at the front of the glacier begins to break off and form icebergs that can float out to sea—a process known as calving. This detailed astronaut photograph shows the merged outlet of Penguin Glacier and HPS 19 into a fjord carved into the snow-covered mountains of the southern Andes. The designation HPS stands for Hielo Patagónico Sur (Southern Patagonian Icefield) and is used to identify glaciers that have no other geographic name. Ice flowing into the fjord begins to break up at image center, forming numerous icebergs. The largest visible in this image is approximately 2 kilometers in width. The large ice masses visible at image center have a coarse granular appearance due to variable snow cover, and mixing and refreezing of ice fragments prior to floating free.
ISS020-E-43017	Oblique View of the Arnica Fire, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: The late summer/fall wildfire season is in full swing in the western United States. Significant wildfires are observed each year by astronauts orbiting the Earth on the International Space Station. This astronaut photograph documents the Arnica Fire in Yellowstone National Park. The fire was started by a lightning strike near Yellowstone Lake on September 13, 2009. By the time it was detected on September 23, 2009, it covered approximately 2 hectares (4 acres). The fire was photographed by the astronauts on the following day (September 24); by then, it had grown to 101 hectares (250 acres) in size. Warm, dry and windy conditions in the area provided a favorable environment for growth of the fire, and as of October 1, 2009, the fire was estimated to be 3,764 hectares (9,300 acres) in size. The image is highly oblique, or taken looking outwards at an angle, rather than straight down towards the Earth’s surface. The ISS was approximately above Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada—almost 1,200 kilometers (746 miles) to the northeast of the fire—when this image was taken using a long lens. Landmarks visible in the image include Yellowstone and Jackson Lakes at image center; the Teton Range is visible in the background. The reflection of the smoke plume is visible in Yellowstone Lake. A regional view of the Arnica Fire was acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on NASA’s Aqua satellite. The MODIS image shows the areal extent of the Arnica smoke plume, and the oblique astronaut photograph provides complementary information on the vertical plume structure. As the two images were taken 3 days apart, they cannot be directly paired; however, together they provide a more complete picture of smoke plume evolution than either image would separately.
ISS020-E-45018	Great Bitter Lake, Egypt: The Great Bitter Lake is one of several lakes located along the Suez Canal, which connects the eastern Mediterranean and Red Seas. As the canal is built only to allow ships to travel in a single lane, the Great Bitter Lake is a location where ships can change their position in line (like the passing lane on the highway) before proceeding to either Port Said to the north, or the port of Suez to the south. The lake also provides an intermediate harbor for ships traversing the Canal—a journey that typically takes 14 hours end to end. Several ships, some under power and some anchored, are visible at image right. Prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Great Bitter Lake was a large salt flat; in the arid climate, basins rarely accumulate enough water to become true lakes. Large expanses of white and tan sandy sediments at image left and top attest to the desert conditions surrounding the lake. Located at the approximate midpoint of the Suez Canal, Great Bitter Lake is now filled with water derived from both the Red and Mediterranean Seas, and this steady influx of water balances the water lost to evaporation. The town of Fayid (also spelled as Fayed), visible along the western shore of the lake (bottom) is a tourist destination for residents of Cairo, particularly in the summer months.
ISS020-E-47807	Thunderstorms on the Brazilian Horizon: A picturesque line of thunderstorms and numerous circular cloud patterns filled the view as the International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 20 crew members looked out at the limb (blue line on the horizon) of the Earth. The region shown in the astronaut photograph (top image) includes an unstable, active atmosphere forming a large area of cumulonimbus clouds in various stages of development. The crew was looking west-southwest from the Amazon Basin, along the Rio Madeira toward Bolivia when the image was taken. The semi-circular cloud patterns near the center of the astronaut photograph may be detected in a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) infrared satellite image of the region (bottom image, yellow rectangle) acquired about 20 minutes earlier than the astronaut photograph. The distinctive circular patterns of the clouds in the astronaut photograph are likely caused by the aging of thunderstorms. Such ring structures often form during the final stages of storms’ development as their centers collapse. Sunglint—the mirror-like reflection of sunlight off a water surface directly back to the camera onboard the ISS—is visible on the waters of the Rio Madeira and Lago Acara in the Amazon Basin. Widespread haze over the basin gives the reflected light an orange hue. The Rio Madeira flows northward and joins the Amazon River on its path to the Atlantic Ocean. A large smoke plume near the bottom center of the image may be one source of the haze.

This service is provided by the International Space Station program and the JSC Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science Directorate. Recommended Citation: Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. "The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth." .
	NASA Responsible Official: Tracy Calhoun Curator: jsc-earthweb@mail.nasa.gov Contributors: Earth Sciences Web Team	National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center	International Space Station National Laboratory Last Update:
Server: 1