ISS033-E-12648 Click the photo number to access all resolutions available and the database record.
Isla Santiago itself was formed from a shield volcano (also called Santiago). This type of volcanic structure is recognized by low, flat summits surrounded by extensive flow fields of lava; the lava is not very viscous, so it can flow for great distances from the source vents. Several dark lava flow fields are visible in this astronaut photograph, the largest along the eastern, western, and southern coastlines. The small Isla Rábida to the south is the peak of another, mostly submerged shield volcano. (Note that the image is rotated so that south is to the top left.)
In addition to the lava flows, other volcanic features known as tuff cones are visible on the eastern and western sides of the island. These cones are formed by the rapid interaction of hot flowing lava and water. The water underneath the lava flow flashes to steam explosively, and this both fragments the lava and rapidly cools it, leading to the formation of cones of glassy, relatively fine-grained volcanic material. The most recent volcanic activity on Isla Santiago occurred during 1904–1906.
The summit ridge of the Santiago shield volcano is located in the northwestern part of the island. Also at image center is a large but isolated region of green vegetation on the south-facing slope, below the summit ridge. This image was taken during the dry, or garúa, season that lasts from June to November. The season is dominated by cooler air transported by southeast trade winds and cooler waters from the Humboldt and Cromwell currents. The combination of cool air and water results in rain falling only in the island highlands, with south- and east-facing slopes receiving the most precipitation. Despite the favorable location, the yellow-green color of the vegetation may indicate water (or other) stress.
